Ten Things I Like About... Podcast

Slime Mold: Intelligence

Summary: Can an organism without a brain be smart? You bet! Join Kiersten as she discusses some of the smart things slime mold can do.
 
For my hearing impaired listeners, a complete transcript of this podcast follows the show notes on Podbean
 
Show Notes:
“Slime Molds” by Dr. Sharon M. Douglas, Department of Plant Pathology and Ecology, The Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station. https://portal.ct.gov
“Eight smart things slime molds can do without a brain,” by Alissa Greenberg. Nova, September 21, 2020. Https:://www.pbs.org
 
Music written and performed by Katherine Camp
 
Transcript 
(Piano music plays)
Kiersten - This is Ten Things I Like About…a ten minute, ten episode podcast about unknown or misunderstood wildlife.
(Piano music stops)
Welcome to Ten Things I Like About… I’m Kiersten, your host, and this is a podcast about misunderstood or unknown creatures in nature. Some we’ll find right out side our doors and some are continents away but all are fascinating. 
This podcast will focus ten, ten minute episodes on different animals and their amazing characteristics. Please join me on this extraordinary journey, you won’t regret it.
It’s time for episode eight, listeners, and this is all about something I never thought I’d say in the same sentence as slime mold. The intelligence of slime mold is the eighth thing I like about this unbelievable organism.
We have established in previous episodes that slime mold has no brain, nor does it have any nerve clusters or ganglia of any kind that can organize impulses to indicate a creature that can make decisions, but this is exactly what slime mold can do.
Before we jump in, I want to touch on how slime mold travels. As you remember, there are two phases of slime mold, one is stationary and the second is mobile. The plasmodium is the mobile state of the slime mold. The plasmodium is a multinucleate mass of protoplasm that results from the fusion amoeba-like, motile cells. This is the feeding, creeping stage of this organism. They remain in this form when resources are abundant. This is the form that scientist study a lot and this is how we found out just how smart slime mold is. What exactly is it that makes us say slime mold is smart? 
In the senses episode, we discovered that slime mold can smell food. They then pulsate in the direction of that food, but the really amazing thing is that it can choose the best food for them. In laboratory experiments, slime mold will reach out appendages in the different directions of offered food items. These food items are not the same quality. Slime mold, before even touching the food, will decide which one offers the best nutrition value and then concentrate its efforts on that food source. For a brainless organism that’s pretty amazing, can you believe that?
The next incredible feat of slime mold has to do with obtaining the food. When put into a maze with oats, slime mold loves oats, at both the entrance and the exit of the maze, this mold will stretch itself along the maze to find the shortest path in which it can eat both supplies of food at the same time! It can perform this amazing feat with 37 different points. To let you know, the number of possible ways to connect 37 points starts with an 8 and ends with 54 zeros. Slime mold can figure out the most efficient way to eat at all 37 points at the same time! I’m pretty sure I couldn’t do that.
Slime mold can also remember where they’ve been. In these food experiments, researchers noticed that the slime mold rarely retraced a previous path. They started to wonder if the slime mold was remembering where it had been? Turns out, it was. When it travels down a path it leaves behind slime, like actual slime, similar to a snail trail, that tells the mold it has already been there so don’t bother. Brilliant!
We’re going to stay in the realm of memory but throw in habituation. Have you heard of habituation? If not, habituation is when you get used to something you don’t like but doesn’t really hurt you. It’s like getting used to an annoying noise. Advanced organisms are great at habituation but what about slime mold? You got that right! Slime mold can habituate to adverse stimuli. 
In a laboratory experiment, researchers placed oats on the other side of a bridge. To reach the food slime mold had to cross the bridge. Typically, the mold could reach the food in about a hour. Researchers placed salt on the bridge. Slime mold is not fond of salt. It doesn’t hurt it, that we can tell, but the slime mold doesn’t like it. This slowed the progress of the mold to ten hours, but once it got across the bridge it got the oats. It was rewarded with a treat for crossing the salty bridge. The next day the researchers repeated the setup. How would the slime mold react? Surprisingly, the slime mold crossed the salty bridge again but faster this time. The next day, the crossing time decreased again. The slime mold remembered that if it crossed the salty bridge it could reach the yummy oats, and essentially toughed it out, habituating itself to an adverse stimulus. 
If none of this has convinced you that slime mold is out of this world, I’ve got one more for ya. Slime molds can teach other slime molds what it has learned! Take that in for a moment. After the salt experiment results, the researchers started to wonder if slime mold might be able to share this information. I mean, why not? This organism has broken all the other rules. 
A little background here. If you take two slime molds and  place them next to each other they will combine to make one slime mold. Over time, these researchers discovered that if they let slime mold that had learned to tolerate salt interact with other slime mold that had not habituated to salt for approximately three hours, the new slime mold tolerated salt without having to go through the habituation trials! My mind just exploded! Slime mold is essentially teaching other slime mold. 
This organism surprises me every single episode! My eighth favorite thing about slime mold is its incredible intelligent abilities.
If you're enjoying this podcast please recommend me to friends and family and take a moment to give me a rating on whatever platform your listening. It will help me reach more listeners and give the animals I talk about an even better chance at change. 
 
Join me next week for another fascinating episode about slime mold.    
 
(Piano Music plays) 
This has been an episode of Ten Things I like About with Kiersten and Company. Original music written and performed by Katherine Camp, piano extraordinaire.

Slime Mold: Research Subjects

Summary: What can we learn from studying slime mold? So much! Join Kiersten as she discusses some of the more recent studies involving slime mold.
 
For my hearing impaired listeners, a complete transcript of this podcast follows the show notes on Podbean
 
Show Notes: 
“Slime molds as a valuable source of antimicrobial agents,” by Vida Tafakori. AMB Express, 2021; 11:92 doi:10.1186/s13568-021-01251-3.
“Slime Mold Leads to High-Tech Research For Stetson Computer-Science Students.” June 16, 2021. Stetson Today: The New Site of Stetson University. https://www2.stetson.edu
“Using a ‘virtual slime mold’ to design a subway network less prone to disruption,” Tyler Irving, University of Toronto. Phys Org News. https://phys.org
 
Music written and performed by Katherine Camp
 

Slime Mold: Senses

Summary: Are you telling me a brainless protists has senses? You bet! Join Kiersten as she discusses slime mols senses.
 
For my hearing impaired listeners, a complete transcript of this podcast follows the show notes on Podbean
 
Show Notes:
“Slime Mould Senses” Warwick Life Sciences. https://warwick.ac.uk/fac/sci/lifesci
“Phototaxis and Photomorphogenesis in Physarum polycephalum Plasmodia”, by Th. Schereckenbach. Blue Light Effects in Biological Systems pp 463-475. Proceedings in Life Sciences, Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-69767-8_51
“The Intelligence of Slime Mold,” by Hannah Gillespie, The Appalachian Voice. October 11, 2019. https://appvoices.org
“Can Slime Molds Think?” By Nancy Walecki. Harvard Magazine, November-December 2021. https://www.harvardmagazine.com
 
Transcript 
(Piano music plays)
Kiersten - This is Ten Things I Like About…a ten minute, ten episode podcast about unknown or misunderstood wildlife.
(Piano music stops)
Welcome to Ten Things I Like About… I’m Kiersten, your host, and this is a podcast about misunderstood or unknown creatures in nature. Some we’ll find right out side our doors and some are continents away but all are fascinating. 
This podcast will focus ten, ten minute episodes on different animals and their amazing characteristics. Please join me on this extraordinary journey, you won’t regret it.
This is episode six of slime mold and today we’re talking senses. I know it sounds a little odd to talk about senses in a life form that doesn’t even have a brain but the fact that slime mold has senses is the sixth thing I like about it.
To be honest, slime mold doesn’t have all the traditional senses that we think about creatures having, such as sight, hearing, taste, touch, and smell, but the senses they have are pretty mind-blowing for such a simple organism.
Let’s look at sight first. He-he, see what I did there? On boy! I’m stuck in a pun-cycle! Seriously, slime mold can’t actually see, there is no evidence of an optical nerve or any kind of optical receptors in slime mold. They do have the ability to sense light. Most of the time, slime mold will avoid light. Blue light and UV light can damage DNA and the slime mold consistently moved away from these wavelengths. On the other end of the spectrum, red light influenced the movements of slime mold but to a lesser degree than blue and UV. 
Light affects slime mold in various ways. In laboratory experiments, visible light has been shown to inhibit growth, induce a light avoidance response in mobile slime mold, control the change of plasmodial slime mold into resting structures, and trigger a formation of fruiting bodies. Movement influenced by light is called phototaxis. It looks like slime mold may not be able to see light in the traditional sense, but it defiantly has quite the impact on this organism.
In the diet episode we already sniffed out slime molds sense of smell, but let’s revisit it quickly here. Slime mold doesn’t possess an olfactory system in the traditional sense. In mammalians we have a centralized olfactory system that concentrates the cells that collect scent. It’s our nose!
Slime mold does not have a nose, but it does have olfactory cells all over its form. So, it’s kind of like one big nose. It is able to determine, by smell, which direction it wants to go to find high-quality food. It can, somehow make decisions based on the scents in the environment. Chemotaxis is movement influenced by chemical scents in the environment. Slime mold has this ability. In laboratory experiments, slime mold moved toward oats and paprika, both a good source of acceptable food, and moved away from black pepper and turmeric.
Sense of smell often goes hand in hand with a sense of taste. Slime mold definitely behaves like it has a sense of taste as well as smell, because it avoids engulfing certain types of food.  Items high in salt, caffeine, and items with a high pH level are all commonly avoided by slime mold. Oats, sugar, and high protein foods all attract slime mold. Now, of course, these items all give off a chemical scent that we know the slime mold can sense, but it’s reasonable to believe that it may also have a sense of taste. We’ll have to wait for future research to see if it’s true.
Moving on to the sense of touch. There is really no way for use to truly understand what slime mold feels, but there is research that shows slime mold has preferences for certain surfaces. Like Goldilocks, slime mold wants a surface that is just right. They want something hard but not too hard. They will pick wood over a rock or over a loose patch of moss. 
There is no evidence, yet, that slime mold is capable of hearing, but give it some time. I don’t think we should rule anything out when it come to slime mold.
We do know that slime mold employs mechanosensation to judge objects in the distance without coming into physical contact with them. Researchers at Harvard’s Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering and the Allen Discovery Center at Tufts University presented challenges to the slime mold in a laboratory setting to see what it was capable of. They placed the slime mold in the center of a petrie dish and placed glass discs on opposite sides of the dish. One side held one disc and the other side held three discs. They turned off the lights and left the slime mold for approximately 12 hours. When they checked on the slime mold, it consistently traveled toward the side contains three discs.
Now, they filmed the progression of the slime mold to make sure it hadn’t  reached all the way out to each side touching the discs and then determined which way to go. The slime mold never touched any of the discs before it favored the side with the three discs. 
To make this even crazier, the slime mold showed a preference for discs that took up more horizontal space than discs that were closer together or stacked on top of one another. They are still not sure how the slime mold is processing this information, but the presence of protein channels called TRP have been found in slime mold. The human brain uses these TRP channels to process mechanosensation input. Notice I said the human brain, and as we know by now, slime mold does not have a brain. So , how is slime mold processing the information that helps it determine the mass of objects on the horizon?
I don’t know about you, but each episode of this slime mold series amazes me. Slime mold senses is mu sixth favorite thing bout this under appreciated organism.
 
If you're enjoying this podcast please recommend me to friends and family and take a moment to give me a rating on whatever platform your listening. It will help me reach more listeners and give the animals I talk about an even better chance at change. 
 
Join me next week for another episode about slime mold.    
 
(Piano Music plays) 
This has been an episode of Ten Things I like About with Kiersten and Company. Original music written and performed by Katherine Camp, piano extraordinaire.

Slime Mold : Reproduction

Summary: Where does slime mold come from? Join Kiersten as she explains how slime mold reproduces.
 
For my hearing impaired listeners, a complete transcript of this podcast follows the show notes on Podbean
 
Show Notes: 
“Slime Mold Reproduction” Brad Renner, University of Wisconsin-La Crosse. bioweb.uwlax.edu
“Slime Mould,” by Thomas J. Volk, in Encyclopedia of Biodiversity, 2001. https://www.sciencedirect.com
“The Blob: Slime Molds.” Herbarium Utah State University. https://www.usu.edu
 
Transcript 
(Piano music plays)
Kiersten - This is Ten Things I Like About…a ten minute, ten episode podcast about unknown or misunderstood wildlife.
(Piano music stops)
Welcome to Ten Things I Like About… I’m Kiersten, your host, and this is a podcast about misunderstood or unknown creatures in nature. Some we’ll find right out side our doors and some are continents away but all are fascinating. 
This podcast will focus ten, ten minute episodes on different animals and their amazing characteristics. Please join me on this extraordinary journey, you won’t regret it.
This is episode number five of slime mold and the fifth thing I like about slime mold is how it reproduces.
Some of you may be wondering where exactly do slime molds come from? Well, when a mommy slime mold and a daddy slime mold love each other very much…. No, no just kidding. Slime molds are delivered by a stork….Okay, it’s out of my system. Now, seriously. Slime molds reproduce through spores. These spores can lay dormant in soil for many years. This is why it seems like slime molds arise out of nowhere. They were just tucked down into the soil waiting for the right time to grow. As we’ve discussed in previous episodes, that usually happens after a nice warm rainy season. 
A general life cycle for slime mold follows a basic pattern. It begins with a stalk-like structure with a sporangium on top. Spores are held inside this sporangium and when they are mature and the environment is just right, the spores are released. The spores will germinate into an ameboid cell. These cells  enter into the feeding stage for a certain period of time. When the slime mold enters the mature stage it will begin preparing to fruit and you’ll see young sporangium fruiting. Then we arrive back at the stalk-like structure where we began. This pattern holds true for both plasmodial and cellular slime molds with some slight differences.
The life cycle of plasmodial slime molds includes two stages. When those perfect conditions happen the spores resting in the soil germinate and release small, motile cells. Two of these cells will get together and form a shapeless mass, the plasmodium. Which is, as we know, a multinucleate mass of protoplasm. This is the feeding and creeping stage of the organism. 
The second stage is triggered by drying weather. If the plasmodium begins to dry out too quickly or is starved, it forms a survival structure called sclerotium. This is a hard-walled mass that will protect the cells within until environmental conditions improve. Inside, spores are created waiting for favorable weather to return. And when it does the plasmodial slime mold will be on the prowl again.
Now, think back to that first slime mold episode with me. In that episode we learned that there is more than one kind of slime mold. We just discussed reproduction of plasmodial slime mold, so let’s take a gander at cellular slime mold reproduction.
Cellular slime molds reproduce in a similar manor as plasmodial slime mold with one major difference. Cellular slime molds remain individual cells with one nucleus.  The individual slime molds, also known as slime mold “slugs”, will crawl along substrate at 1 millimeter per hour leaving behind a trail of chemicals. These chemical trails will attract other slime mold slugs. When many of them finally come together they form a pseudoplasmodium. It’s a pseudoplasmodium because the cells remain separate with their one nucleus a piece. As the slugs aggregate about one-third of them will come together to create a fruiting body. A fruiting body is a stalk-like structure with a sporangium on top filled with spores. When the weather is moist enough and at just the right temperature, the spores are released and cellular slime molds are released to start the cycle all over again.
Once again slime mold is blowing my mind and I hope you feel the same way because reproduction is my fifth favorite thing about this amazing protist.
If you're enjoying this podcast please recommend me to friends and family and take a moment to give me a rating on whatever platform your listening. It will help me reach more listeners and give the animals I talk about an even better chance at change. 
 
Join me next week for another episode about slime mold.    
 
(Piano Music plays) 
This has been an episode of Ten Things I like About with Kiersten and Company. Original music written and performed by Katherine Camp, piano extraordinaire.

Slime Mold: Diet

Summary: Slime mold eats some pretty interesting stuff, but how it finds it’s food is they really fascinating part. Join Kiersten as she talks about who slime mold eats.
 
For my hearing impaired listeners, a complete transcript of this podcast follows the show notes on Podbean
 
Show Notes: 
“Slime Molds” by Dr. Sharon M. Douglas, Department of Plant Pathology and Ecology, The Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station. https://portal.ct.gov
“Slime Mould,” by Thomas J. Volk, in Encyclopedia of Biodiversity, 2001. https://www.sciencedirect.com
“Slime Mold Nutrition” Brad Renner, University of Wisconsin-La Crosse. bioweb.uwlax.edu
“Eight smart things slime molds can do without a brain,” by Alissa Greenberg, Nova, Monday, September 21, 2020. https://www.pbs.org
 
Slime Mold: Diet
Transcript 
(Piano music plays)
Kiersten - This is Ten Things I Like About…a ten minute, ten episode podcast about unknown or misunderstood wildlife.
(Piano music stops)
Welcome to Ten Things I Like About… I’m Kiersten, your host, and this is a podcast about misunderstood or unknown creatures in nature. Some we’ll find right out side our doors and some are continents away but all are fascinating. 
This podcast will focus ten, ten minute episodes on different animals and their amazing characteristics. Please join me on this extraordinary journey, you won’t regret it.
On to number four, listeners, and we’re talking diet. I’m learning so much researching this series and the fourth thing I like about slime mold is what it eats!
Slime mold was thought to be a fungus for quite some time, so people were amazed to find out that it ingests it food, then digests. That doesn’t sound so odd to me, since that’s what I did with my breakfast this morning, but that’s not how fungus does it. Fungus digests its food externally before absorbing it. So, this is what researchers expected when they looked at how slime mold eats.
To say the least, they were surprised. Let’s take a closer look at how slime mold eats. We’re going to investigate how Myxomycota, the true slime molds, eat their food. 
As a quick reminder, Myxomycota are the plasmodial slime molds. They exist as a plasmodium. A plasmodium is a blob of protoplasm without cell walls and only a cell membrane to keep everything together. (I see why this inspired a 1950s horror movie.)
They are essentially an amoeba and amoebas eat their food well, like the Blob. They engulf their food and then digest it. By engulf I mean completely surround it with their amoeba body. This process is called pseudopodia. The definition of pseudopodia is a temporary protrusion of the surface of an amoeboid cell for movement and feeding. This is what slime mold does when it is preparing to eat.
The next step is phagocytosis. Phagocytosis is the act of eating or damaging foreign components in cells. According to Science Direct phagocytosis is a universal cell function, which starts with the recognition and binding of a particle, generally in a receptor-dependent manner, and leads to its internalization and degradation. Sounds pretty complicated to me but, I guess it’s essentially digestion. Some organisms may use it for other things besides digestion such as defending against invading pathogens, it is also important during development and in adulthood for normal turnover, remodeling, and disposal of tissues, but that’s a whole other podcast.
The important part of this definition is that this is the process that helps slime mold digest its food.
Alright! We know how slime mold eats, let’s look at what slime mold eats. Bacteria is a big favorite of slime mold, but they can also eat decaying leaves, decaying logs, yeasts, other protists, and poo.  Hey, somebody’s gotta do it, right?!
So far the diet and eating habits of slime molds don’t seem too unusual compared to other creatures, expect for maybe the poo, but we’re just getting to the really mind blowing part.
First of all, slime mold can smell its food. I know what you’re thinking, how can a blob of cells with no detectable olfactory system smell food? The answer is that they have olfactory receptors all over the cells connected into the amoeba. These receptors are similar to the receptors that mammals, including humans, have lining their nasal passages. I’ll pause a moment while you let this information sink in…
Hold on to your hat though, it’s about to get even more amazing! Some mold actually shows preferences for food. That’s right! If given the choice between two potential food sources they will chose the one that has the best nutritional value. 
Ecologist and entomologist Tanya Latty has studied slime molds extensively and in her research she’s discovered that slime molds make smart decisions about their nutritional needs. To be successful slime molds need sugars and proteins. In a laboratory setting, Latty and colleagues offered Physarum polycephalum, also know as the many-headed slime, 35 different recipes made of different ratios of the nutrients slime mold needs to survive. The slime mold chose to engulf the foods that offered the best balance of elements and avoided the recipes that would harm them or weren’t worth the effort to ingest. You heard me correctly, they chose the food themselves. If nothing else blows your mind about slime mold, I just said a living entity that has no brain or any detectable ganglia is making a decision!
Need another example? Latty also tested whether slime mold could make trade-offs between quality of food and risk. (I can’t even believe I’m reporting this, it’s so amazing!) The researchers set up an experiment where they put the preferred food under a bright light and less desirable food in the dark. Slime mold doesn’t like bright light, so you’d expect it to stay in the dark and eat what it can get, right? But from what we’ve just learned you may be thinking it took the chance and ate the food in the light because it was worth the risk. The results were not this simple.
What actually happened I that the slime mold only took the risk to enter the bright light to engulf the food if the food was fives times more nutritious than what was in the dark. That is crazy amazing! This entity that is a blob of simple cells kept together by a common wall is processing information from olfactory receptors and choosing to make a calculated trade-offs to ensure it’s survival. Holy Cow!!
Quoting from an article from PBS Nova Latty says, “If you’re a basic system, you’d expect you always choose one. You have a simple rule that always works. If you’re sophisticated, you get some information about quality of food and intensity of light and do some calculations to figure out if it’s worth it.” End quote. Looks like slime mold is in the second category. Latty continues, “That implies some molds are able to process information between two different attributes of a food source, which seems pretty sophisticated thing for, well, mucus.” End quote.
I have no words for this…it’s truly amazing.
Stick with me listeners because it only gets cooler from here. The diet and feeding behavior of slime mold is my fourth favorite thing about this mind-blowing creature.
If you're enjoying this podcast please recommend me to friends and family and take a moment to give me a rating on whatever platform your listening. It will help me reach more listeners and give the animals I talk about an even better chance at change. 
 
Join me next week for another episode about slime mold.    
 
(Piano Music plays) 
This has been an episode of Ten Things I like About with Kiersten and Company. Original music written and performed by Katherine Camp, piano extraordinaire.

Slime Mold: Species

Summary: How many species of slime mold do you think there are? You’d be surprised! Join Kiersten and a guest co-host as she talk about the different species of slime mold.
 
For my hearing impaired listeners, a complete transcript of this podcast follows the show notes on Podbean
 
Summary: “What is Slime Mold?” By Stephen C. George. Discover Magazine, Apr 21, 2023. https://www.discovermagazine.com
“Slime Molds” by Dr. Sharon M. Douglas, Department of Plant Pathology and Ecology, The Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station. https://portal.ct.gov
“The Biota of the Gordon Natural Area - Slime Molds.” https://www.wcupa.edu
 
Transcript 
(Piano music plays)
Kiersten - This is Ten Things I Like About…a ten minute, ten episode podcast about unknown or misunderstood wildlife.
(Piano music stops)
Welcome to Ten Things I Like About… I’m Kiersten, your host, and this is a podcast about misunderstood or unknown creatures in nature. Some we’ll find right out side our doors and some are continents away but all are fascinating. 
This podcast will focus ten, ten minute episodes on different animals and their amazing characteristics. Please join me on this extraordinary journey, you won’t regret it.
In the third episode we’re going to talk about how many different species of slime molds scientists are currently know exist. If you rsememrb from episode one, its a lot! To discuss this topic, I’ve asked a previous guest to help me out.
Welcome, Georgiy! Thanks for helping me talk about slime mold!
 
Georgiy: You’re welcome!
 
Kiersten: Do you know how many different slimes molds there are?
 
Georgiy: You just said a lot.
Kiersten: I did but that’s not a very good numerical description. Did you listen to the first episode of this series? You didn’t did you!
 
Georgiy: Meep! No comment.
 
Kiersten: I’m not sure how I feel about that, but why don’t you try to guess how many species of slime mold we currently know about?
 
Georgiy: (Guess)
 
Kiersten: Is that your final answer?
 
Georgiy: Maybe…
 
Kiersten: Do you want me to just tell you?
 
Georgiy: Yes, please.
 
Kiersten: Over 1,000 different species of slime molds have been recorded.
 
Georgiy: That’s a lot!
 
Kiersten: That’s what I said! 
 
Georgiy: I heard that some of them have some strange names. Isn’t there one called dog vomit?
 
Kiersten: Yes, there is one called dog vomit. That one is also called scrambled egg slime mold. Fuligo septica is the scientific name for the dog vomit slime mold. It’s an extremely common specimen. It can also vary in color from white, yellow, orange, to red. Do you know hay the color can vary so much?
 
Georgiy: Maybe because of something it eats?
 
Kiersten: That’s right! At least one reason it can vary in color is what it eats. Temperature and pH levels can also impact the color. I have some pictures here of different slime molds, do you want to help me describe them to our listeners?
 
Georgiy: Sure.
 
Kiersten: Okay, here’s the first one. The scientific name is Arcyria cinerea. What does this one look like?
 
Georgiy: Describe it. Carpet fibers. A close-up picture of white carpet fibers. Five fluffy. oblong structures are attached to one stock.
 
Kiersten: The common name of this one is white carnival candy slime mold. Take a look at Ceratiomyxa porioides. Can you describe this one?
 
Georgiy: Looks like a shower loofa! It’s white with structured chambers.
 
Kiersten: This one’s common name is coral slime. Let’s look at one more. Check out Tubifera ferruginosa.  
 
Georgiy: It looks like red shaved ice. A snow cone with red flavorin
 
Kiersten: I like this one. It’s such a pretty shade of red. Its common name is Raspberry slime mold.
 
Georgiy: That’s great name for it. Let’s look at another one.
 
Kiersten: Okay, but this is the last one. We can’t look at all of them! With over 1000 known species we’d be here for a long time and this episode in only ten minutes! How about Trichia scabra?
 
Georgiy: They look like little orange bee-bees. They are all lined up together.
 
Kiersten: I think you could easily overlook this one, but it’s common name is cool. Saffron soldiers!
 
Georgiy: It is the color of saffron, that orange-yellow color and they are lined up like soldiers. Saffron is a spice that’s pretty tasty isn’t it?
 
Kiersten: It is! From the research I’ve done for these episodes it seems you can eat slime mold. No one recommends it, but most of them appear to be non-toxic. Just to make this clear, we’re are not recommending you eat slime mold. Right?
 
Georgiy: Right!
 
Kiersten: So, Georgiy…what do you think about slime mold?
 
Georgiy: I think it’s pretty cool! There are so many species in so many colors and shapes.
 
Kiersten: Thanks for helping me talk about the different types of slime molds today.
 
Georgiy: You’re welcome!
 
Kiersten: We’re just getting started with slime molds and my third favorite thing about them is that there is over 1,000 unique species.
 
If you're enjoying this podcast please recommend me to friends and family and take a moment to give me a rating on whatever platform your listening. It will help me reach more listeners and give the animals I talk about an even better chance at change. 
 
Join me next week for another episode about slime mold.    
 
(Piano Music plays) 
This has been an episode of Ten Things I like About with Kiersten and Company. Original music written and performed by Katherine Camp, piano extraordinaire.

Slime Mold: Where are They Found

Summary: Where can you find slime molds. Everywhere! Join Kiersten as she tells you the best places to look for slime mold.
 
Show Notes: 
“Introduction to the Slime Molds” UC Berkeley
“What is Slime Mold?” By Stephen C. George. Discover Magazine, Apr 21, 2023. https://www.discovermagazine.com
“Slime Molds” by Dr. Sharon M. Douglas, Department of Plant Pathology and Ecology, The Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station. https://portal.ct.gov
"Slime Molds" Mount Rainer National Park. https://www.nps.gov
 
Music written and performed by Katherine Camp

Slime Mold

Summary: Yuck! What is that goopy, gross pile of snot?! It’s Slime Mold! Join Kiersten as she reveals slime mold.
 
Show Notes: 
“Introduction to the Slime Molds” UC Berkeley
“What is Slime Mold?” By Stephen C. George. Discover Magazine, Apr 21, 2023. https://www.discovermagazine.com
“Slime Molds” by Dr. Sharon M. Douglas, Department of Plant Pathology and Ecology, The Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station. https://portal.ct.gov
Music written and performed by Katherine Camp

World Pangolin Day

Today is World Pangolin Day! To celebrate this amazing but highly endangered animal, we’re reposting the first episode of our series on pangolins. Please enjoy and go back and listen to the rest of the series to learn more about the pangolin! 
 
Originally Aired:  9/14/2022
 
Pangolin Scales
Summary: Join Kiersten as she talks about her first favorite thing about pangolins, their scales! This episode is the first of ten about the amazing pangolin.
 
Show Notes: 
References for this episode - The Encyclopedia of Mammals edited by Dr. David Macdonald
www.savepangolins.org
https://www.discoverwildlife.com/animal-facts/mammals/facts-about-pangolins
Pangolin Conservation Organizations: 
Rare and Endangered Species Trust - www.restnamibia.org
Save Vietnam’s Wildlife - www.svw.vn

Echidna: Conservation

Episode 65: Echidna: Conservation
Summary: What does the future of the echidna look like? Join Kiersten as she discusses echidna conservation
 
For my hearing impaired listeners, a complete transcript of this podcast follows the show notes on Podbean
Show Notes:
Short-beaked Echidna (Tachyglossus aculeates) Fact Sheet: Population and Conservation Status, San Diego Wildlife Alliance Library. https://iecl.libguides.com
“The Long-beaked Echidna: can we save the earth’s oldest living mammal?”, by Andrew L. Mack, 26 October 2015, Mongabay. https://news.mongabay.com
EchidnaCSI: https://www.adelaide.edu.au/environment/research/citizen-science/echidna-csi/echidna-research-conservation
echidnacsi@adelaide.edu.au
Expedition Cyclops: https://www.expeditioncyclops.org/echidna
Music written and performed by Katherine Camp
 
Transcript 
(Piano music plays)
Kiersten - This is Ten Things I Like About…a ten minute, ten episode podcast about unknown or misunderstood wildlife.
(Piano music stops)
Welcome to Ten Things I Like About… I’m Kiersten, your host, and this is a podcast about misunderstood or unknown creatures in nature. Some we’ll find right out side our doors and some are continents away but all are fascinating. 
This podcast will focus ten, ten minute episodes on different animals and their amazing characteristics. Please join me on this extraordinary journey, you won’t regret it.
This is the last episode of echidnas, and I have to say I’m sorry to see them go. They have been such an interesting animal to talk about. And as usual the last episode is all about the conservation work being done to ensure their continued survival. 
The short-beaked echidna is the most wide spread native mammal in Australia and is protected on the continent but that doesn’t mean they aren’t feeling the strain of our changing planet. Loss of habitat, loss of food resources, over-hunting, and problems encountered due to changing temperatures are problems all species of echidnas face. Another man-made problem threatening echidnas is feral dogs. They have no problems tracking echidnas and making a meal of them.
Of our four species of echidnas, the short-beaked echidna is doing the best conservation wise. Overall, their populations are stable in the area that have been studied. An estimate made in 2017 says 5 to 50 million individual short-beaked echidnas may live in Australia. They are given a Least Concern status by the IUCN.
The long-beaked echidnas are a different story.
Over hunting of the long-beaked echidna is problematic. Since the 1960’s the long-beaked echidna has experienced an 80% loss of population. All long-beaked echindas, which is three out of the four species of echidna, are  considered critically endangered by the IUCN. 
Here’s where the echidna and human stories twine together in a plicated braid. Indigenous peoples of the New Guinea are relied on echidnas and tree kangaroos as food sources. These two animals are the largest mammals native to this area. Back when human numbers were low, this wasn’t a problem. A few echidna were hunted for meat and the populations were allowed to replenish keeping up with the small amount taken for hunting. 
In 2015, a study done estimating the hunting of long-beaked echidna by Indigenous peoples found that in seven months hunters from 33 clans in two tribes killed and consumed 16 long-beaked echidnas. It doesn’t sound like a lot but, that is more than 25% of all the known specimens in the world ever collected. There are over 800 tribes in Papua New Guinea and thousands of clans with a taste for the echidna. Modern technology and dogs have made hunting for them even easier. It’s a fine line here with conservation efforts because we don’t want to take away from the importance of preserving indigenous peoples way of life, but this activity is also wiping out an animal that is older than human history. Researchers and educators must tread carefully but quickly to prevent the extinction of this animal.
The biggest problem here is that the tribes are like separate countries. They all have different languages and different ways of life, so setting aside an area to protect the echidna is simply not possible. You have to approach each group of people and talk to the individually and explain the problems that the echidna faces. It can be done but it relies on time the long-beaked echidnas may not have left. But conservationists have not given up hope.
What is being done to ensure the survival of this animal that has lived on this planet longer than any other mammal? 
Australia has laws in place that protect echidnas from exploitation and has set aside wild place as refuges for them, as well as other native wildlife. Researchers continue to study all species of echidna to learn about how they live and what they rely on to survive. With this information new regulations can be crafted to protect the animal itself and the resources they need to survive. 
This is the most difficult area of conservation though, because most species are nocturnal and live in dense forest ares. This makes it very difficult to find and observe them. The ones that live in more open area live high up in altitude which also makes it difficult for us to find and follow them. 
In Papua New Guinea individual landowners have begun to work with conservationist by agreeing to not hunt echidnas on their land. The Hogave Conservation Area was established as a no-hunting zone thirty years ago by a tribal chief in the area. Elsewhere in Papua New Guinea conservation groups are working locally with individuals to spread the word about echidna populations and hope for their survival there has greatly improved. 
On a happy note, Sir David’s long-beaked echidna, thought to be extinction for over 60 years was rediscovered in 2023. An expedition to the Cyclops Mountains in Indonesia had high hopes in finding this long lost echidna. They had heard rumors and received reports from local Indigenous people that echidna still roamed the region, but not hard evidence had surfaced. In 2023, one last effort was made by the University of Oxford to determine if the stories where true. And they did it! They captured film footage of the animal proving this species of long-beaked echidna is still alive today! It leaves you with hope that the other species may survive against all odds as well.
For my listeners in Australia, I’m not sure I have any listeners in Austraila, I hope I do, and other areas where echidnas are found there is a citizen science project you can join to help researchers at the University of Adelaide collect important information about echidnas. The program is called EchidnaCSI and anyone can join! CSI stand for Conservation Science Initiative and you can contact the university by emailing echidnacsi@adelaide.edu.au. I’ll post this link in my show notes for this episode.
For those of you outside Australia that want to help echidnas, do what I’m doing, get the word out there about these amazing animals. The more people know about these animals they more they will care and that is the best step to helping them survive.
You can also contribute to Expedition Cyclops. Now that we have definitive proof that Sir David’s long-beaked echidna still lives, more research is needed to ensure their continued survival. I’ll post a link to Expedition Cyclops in my show notes.
I’m going to end on a hopeful note for the echidna because it’s my tenth favorite thing about this legendary animal. Thank you so much for joining me for my series on echidnas.
If you're enjoying this podcast please recommend me to friends and family and take a moment to give me a rating on whatever platform your listening. It will help me reach more listeners and give the animals I talk about an even better chance at change. 
 
I’ll be taking a break after this series but I’ll be back in March of 2024 with brand new episodes of Ten Things I Like About.…     
 
(Piano Music plays) 
This has been an episode of Ten Things I like About with Kiersten and Company. Original music written and performed by Katherine Camp, piano extraordinaire.